1 Wall Street (also known as the Irving Trust Company Building, the Bank of New York Building, and the BNY Mellon Building) is a
Art Deco
Art Deco, short for the French (), is a style of visual arts, architecture, and product design that first Art Deco in Paris, appeared in Paris in the 1910s just before World War I and flourished in the United States and Europe during the 1920 ...
skyscraper in the
Financial District
A financial district is usually a central area in a city where financial services firms such as banks, insurance companies, and other related finance corporations have their headquarters offices. In major cities, financial districts often host ...
of
Lower Manhattan
Lower Manhattan, also known as Downtown Manhattan or Downtown New York City, is the southernmost part of the Boroughs of New York City, New York City borough of Manhattan. The neighborhood is History of New York City, the historical birthplace o ...
, New York City. The building, which occupies a full
city block
A city block, residential block, urban block, or simply block is a central element of urban planning and urban design.
In a city with a grid system, the block is the smallest group of buildings that is surrounded by streets. City blocks are th ...
, consists of two sections. The original 50-story building was designed by
Ralph Thomas Walker of the firm
Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker and constructed between 1929 and 1931 for
Irving Trust, an early-20th-century American bank. A 28-story annex to the south (later expanded to 36 stories) was designed by the successor firm
Voorhees, Walker, Smith, Smith & Haines and built between 1963 and 1965.
The
limestone
Limestone is a type of carbonate rock, carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material Lime (material), lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different Polymorphism (materials science) ...
facade consists of slight inwardly-curved
bays with
fluting to resemble curtains. On the lower stories are narrow windows and elaborate entrances. The
massing
Massing is the architecture, architectural term for general Shape and form (visual arts), shape, form and size of a structure.
Characteristics
Massing is three-dimensional, a matter of form, not just an outline from a single perspective, a s ...
of 1 Wall Street incorporates numerous small
setbacks, and there are
chamfer
A chamfer ( ) is a transitional edge between two faces of an object. Sometimes defined as a form of bevel, it is often created at a 45° angle between two adjoining right-angled faces.
Chamfers are frequently used in machining, carpentry, fur ...
s at the corners of the original building. The top of the original building consists of a freestanding tower with fluted windowless bays. The facade of the annex is crafted in a style reminiscent of the original structure. The original building has an ornate lobby, known as the Red Room, with colored mosaics. The 10th through 45th floors were originally rented to tenants, while the other floors contained offices, lounges, and other spaces for Irving Trust.
At the time of its construction, 1 Wall Street occupied what was one of the most valuable plots in the city. The building replaced three previous structures, including the
Manhattan Life Insurance Building, which was once the world's tallest building. After Irving Trust was acquired by the
Bank of New York (BNY) in 1988, 1 Wall Street served as the global headquarters of BNY and its successor
BNY Mellon
The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation, commonly known as BNY, is an American international financial services company headquartered in New York City. It was established in its current form in July 2007 by the merger of the Bank of New York an ...
through 2015. After the developer
Harry Macklowe purchased the building, he renovated it from 2018 to 2023, converting the interior into 566
condominium
A condominium (or condo for short) is an ownership regime in which a building (or group of buildings) is divided into multiple units that are either each separately owned, or owned in common with exclusive rights of occupation by individual own ...
apartments with some commercial space. Sales of the condo units
have been sluggish for Macklowe.
The building is one of New York City's
Art Deco landmarks, although architectural critics initially ignored it in favor of such buildings as the
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building is a 102-story, Art Deco-style supertall skyscraper in the Midtown South neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, United States. The building was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and built from 1930 to 1931. Its n ...
and the
Chrysler Building
The Chrysler Building is a , Art Deco skyscraper in the East Midtown neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, United States. Located at the intersection of 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue, it is the tallest brick building in the world wit ...
. The exterior of the building's original section was designated as a
city landmark in 2001, and the Red Room was similarly designated in 2024. In addition, the structure is a contributing property to the
Wall Street Historic District, a
National Register of Historic Places
The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government's official United States National Register of Historic Places listings, list of sites, buildings, structures, Hist ...
district created in 2007.
Site
1 Wall Street occupies an entire
city block
A city block, residential block, urban block, or simply block is a central element of urban planning and urban design.
In a city with a grid system, the block is the smallest group of buildings that is surrounded by streets. City blocks are th ...
in the
Financial District
A financial district is usually a central area in a city where financial services firms such as banks, insurance companies, and other related finance corporations have their headquarters offices. In major cities, financial districts often host ...
of
Lower Manhattan
Lower Manhattan, also known as Downtown Manhattan or Downtown New York City, is the southernmost part of the Boroughs of New York City, New York City borough of Manhattan. The neighborhood is History of New York City, the historical birthplace o ...
in New York City. The site is bounded by
Broadway to the west,
Wall Street
Wall Street is a street in the Financial District, Manhattan, Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It runs eight city blocks between Broadway (Manhattan), Broadway in the west and South Street (Manhattan), South Str ...
to the north, New Street to the east, and
Exchange Place to the south. 1 Wall Street is adjacent to the
Adams Express Building,
65 Broadway, the
Empire Building,
Trinity Church, and Trinity Church's churchyard to the west; the
American Surety Company Building to the north;
14 Wall Street
14 Wall Street, originally the Bankers Trust Company Building, is a skyscraper at the intersection of Wall Street and Nassau Street (Manhattan), Nassau Street in the Financial District, Manhattan, Financial District of Manhattan in New York City ...
to the northeast; the
New York Stock Exchange Building
The New York Stock Exchange Building (also NYSE Building) is the headquarters of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), located in the Financial District, Manhattan, Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is composed of two co ...
to the east; and
52 Broadway to the south. Entrances to the
New York City Subway
The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system in New York City serving the New York City boroughs, boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx. It is owned by the government of New York City and leased to the New York City Tr ...
's
Wall Street station, served by the , are adjacent to the building.
Because of the
curves in the facade, the original structure does not completely occupy its full
land lot
In real estate, a land lot or plot of land is a tract or parcel of land owned or meant to be owned by some owner(s). A plot is essentially considered a parcel of real property in some countries or immovable property (meaning practically the sam ...
; instead, is used as a sidewalk. At the
chamfer
A chamfer ( ) is a transitional edge between two faces of an object. Sometimes defined as a form of bevel, it is often created at a 45° angle between two adjoining right-angled faces.
Chamfers are frequently used in machining, carpentry, fur ...
ed corners of the building, the facade is recessed as much as from the lot line.
Under municipal law, any private land that was adjacent to public property (but not clearly marked as such) would eventually revert to the
government of New York City
The government of New York City, headquartered at New York City Hall in Lower Manhattan, is organized under the New York City Charter and provides for a mayor-council system. The mayor is elected to a four-year term and is responsible for the ...
.
Consequently, when 1 Wall Street was built, its main occupant
Irving Trust embedded small metal plaques to delineate the boundaries of its lot,
thereby preventing the city government from seizing the land.
Architecture
The original building was designed by
Ralph Walker of the
Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker in the
Art Deco
Art Deco, short for the French (), is a style of visual arts, architecture, and product design that first Art Deco in Paris, appeared in Paris in the 1910s just before World War I and flourished in the United States and Europe during the 1920 ...
style. The annex was designed by Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker's successor firm
Voorhees, Walker, Smith, Smith & Haines.
Everett Meeks, the dean of the
Yale School of Art
The Yale School of Art is the art school of Yale University. Founded in 1869 as the first professional fine arts school in the United States, it grants Master of Fine Arts, Masters of Fine Arts degrees to students completing a two-year course in g ...
, was the original building's design consultant.
The original building reaches 50 stories and stands tall.
The southern annex was originally 28 stories tall with a height of about , but it was expanded in 2019 to 36 stories
with a height of about .
SLCE Architects designed the building's residential conversion in the late 2010s and early 2020s, including the addition to the southern annex.
Dormer
A dormer is a roofed structure, often containing a window, that projects vertically beyond the plane of a Roof pitch, pitched roof. A dormer window (also called ''dormer'') is a form of roof window.
Dormers are commonly used to increase the ...
structures of up to two stories are located on the tops of both sections.
Although author Daniel Abramson said 1 Wall Street was "Art Deco in many respects", historian Anthony Robins characterized the building as being "Gothic Modern—a skyscraper reflection of Trinity Church". Walker had designed other Art Deco buildings in the New York City area, mainly telecommunications structures. These included the
Barclay–Vesey Building (1927),
New Jersey Bell Headquarters Building
The New Jersey Bell Headquarters Building is located in Newark, New Jersey, Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The building was built in 1929 by the New Jersey Bell, New Jersey Bell Telephone Company and w ...
(1929),
60 Hudson Street (1930), and
32 Avenue of the Americas (1932), as well as telephone buildings in
upstate New York
Upstate New York is a geographic region of New York (state), New York that lies north and northwest of the New York metropolitan area, New York City metropolitan area of downstate New York. Upstate includes the middle and upper Hudson Valley, ...
.
Architectural writer
Robert A. M. Stern characterized 1 Wall Street as "Walker's only completed skyscraper".
Form and facade
1 Wall Street's facade is made primarily of limestone.
This contrasts with the brick facades of Walker's telecommunications buildings, the use of which was likely influenced by Dutch and
German Expressionism
Expressionism is a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Northern Europe around the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radi ...
.
At the time of 1 Wall Street's construction, limestone was a relatively expensive material and was rarely used for a building's entire facade, with cheaper brick being used instead.
1 Wall Street also contains numerous
setbacks on its exterior. Though setbacks in New York City skyscrapers were mandated by the
1916 Zoning Resolution
The 1916 Zoning Resolution in New York City was the first citywide Zoning in the United States, zoning code in the United States. The zoning resolution reflected both Boroughs of New York City, borough and local interests, and was adopted primar ...
to allow light and air to reach the streets below,
they later became a defining feature of the Art Deco style. The facade has uninterrupted vertical
piers, similar to other Art Deco buildings. Although the piers emphasize the building's height, Walker said this effect was not the main goal of his design.
Original building
The original 1931 building is on the northern portion of the site. The first twenty stories occupy almost the entire site.
The building has a series of small setbacks starting at the 21st story
and continuing until the 35th story, above which a slender tower rises.
The setbacks on the Broadway and Wall Street elevations alternate with each other.
The southern portion of the original building rises as high as a
dormer
A dormer is a roofed structure, often containing a window, that projects vertically beyond the plane of a Roof pitch, pitched roof. A dormer window (also called ''dormer'') is a form of roof window.
Dormers are commonly used to increase the ...
on the 37th floor; the 36th floor is the highest that also connects to the annex.
The original structure measures on Broadway by on Wall Street.
The tower stories, from the 37th to the 48th floors, measure each.
The top two stories constituted an executive penthouse.
Walker's design emphasized the decorative details of the building's facade; by contrast, other early-20th-century skyscrapers in Lower Manhattan had emphasized the
massing
Massing is the architecture, architectural term for general Shape and form (visual arts), shape, form and size of a structure.
Characteristics
Massing is three-dimensional, a matter of form, not just an outline from a single perspective, a s ...
.
The facade includes indented vertical bays with
fluting, which are arranged like curtains,
although the facade could also resemble a cliff-like natural shape from different angles.
Walker said the building would "have 200 thousand people looking at it from all sides" in a single year, including workers and pedestrians, and he wanted them to have "mental relief and pleasure" when viewing it.
Walker also said he "tried to superimpose one rhythm upon a basic rhythm"; as such, he treated the facade as a series of "rhythmic motifs" in different sizes.
The resulting concave bays were angled inward at a
pitch of 1:9.
Each of the bays is separated by curved, projecting piers that rise to each setback.
Several piers also have vertical incisions for emphasis.
The windows of the original building contained custom curved frames to fit into the facade,
which added $40,000 to the construction cost.
The base of the original building is composed of the lowest three stories. The section of the base along Wall Street is eight bays wide, with a double-width entrance in the middle of the Wall Street facade, which is reached by a short flight of stairs and leads to the main lobby.
The entryway is framed by a jagged portal.
The sections of the base on Broadway and New Street are seventeen bays wide.
On the New Street elevation, the name "Voorhees, Gmelin & Walker" is printed in cursive script. There is an exposed granite basement on New Street with a service entrance.
On the upper floors, each of the bays has a single
sash window
A sash window or hung sash window is made of one or more movable panels, or "sashes". The individual sashes are traditionally paned windows, but can now contain an individual sheet (or sheets, in the case of double glazing) of glass.
History
...
on each floor.
The northwestern and northeastern corners of the building are both chamfered,
which respectively connect the western and eastern elevations of the facade with the northern elevation.
Annex

The southern annex, completed in 1965, is also mostly made of limestone.
On the New Street side, there are setbacks above the 5th and 10th floors; the building then rises as a slender slab with setbacks on the 29th, 34th, and 35th floors.
Along Broadway, the facade of the annex was originally recessed behind that of the original building by two
bays.
In 2018, a glass-clad entrance to the retail space was constructed in front of the annex.
The entrance structure ranges between one and seven stories high. The facade of the 2018 addition projects forward to the facade of the original structure.
Eight stories were also built atop the initial portion of the annex.
In total, according to zoning documents, the annex measures on Broadway and on Exchange Place.
Features
The building contains 10 elevators as of 2019,
compared with 43 elevators and 14 escalators prior to the building's residential conversion.
When built, 1 Wall Street had 29 elevators,
some of which were near the building's exterior walls.
Irving Trust had six private elevators
accessed from Wall Street.
There were three groups of elevators in the rest of the building, serving the lower, intermediate, or upper floors;
these elevators could be reached from Broadway, New Street, or the subway.
Because the New Street side of the building was lower than the Broadway side,
engineers configured the original elevator shafts so that
double-deck elevators could be installed if necessary,
but these double-deck elevators were never built.
At its completion, 1 Wall Street was the first office structure in Lower Manhattan to use
alternating current
Alternating current (AC) is an electric current that periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude continuously with time, in contrast to direct current (DC), which flows only in one direction. Alternating current is the form in w ...
for electric power. It included a network of
pneumatic tube
Pneumatic tubes (or capsule pipelines, also known as pneumatic tube transport or PTT) are systems that propel cylindrical containers through networks of Tubing (material), tubes by Gas compressor, compressed air or by partial vacuum. They are use ...
s for sending documents between floors.
When 1 Wall Street was converted to residential use, all of the elevators were moved to the center of the building.
There is of interior space,
of which the original building had of floor space.
The original building's first through 21st stories each spanned .
There are also five basement levels under the original structure, three of which are below sea level.
A corridor inside 1 Wall Street's basement, stretching between Broadway and New Street, provided access to the northbound platform of the Wall Street station, but it had been converted to a communications room by 2000. Upon the building's opening,
Irving Trust occupied the basements, lowest ten floors, and uppermost three floors.
Following its residential conversion, 1 Wall Street contained of residential space and of commercial space.
The top stories of the annex (completed in 2023) were largely built as
voided slabs; hollow plastic spheres were embedded into the concrete floor slabs to reduce the slabs' weight.
The glass retail addition is
cantilever
A cantilever is a rigid structural element that extends horizontally and is unsupported at one end. Typically it extends from a flat vertical surface such as a wall, to which it must be firmly attached. Like other structural elements, a cantilev ...
ed outward from the original annex, avoiding the need to drill into the Wall Street subway station, which is located directly underneath the retail addition.
Red Room and lobby
At ground level is the Red Room. Walker and his associate Perry Coke Smith designed the room, while artist
Hildreth Meière was hired as a "color consultant".
The space was intended mainly as a reception room for the bank
and was accessed primarily from Wall Street to the north.
The Red Room had no tellers' counters since Irving Trust was a
commercial bank
A commercial bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and gives loans for the purposes of consumption and investment to make a profit.
It can also refer to a bank or a division of a larger bank that deals with whol ...
, rather than a
savings bank
A savings bank is a financial institution that is not run on a profit-maximizing basis, and whose original or primary purpose is collecting deposits on savings accounts that are invested on a low-risk basis and receive interest. Savings banks ha ...
.
Lewis Pierson of Irving Trust described the Red Room as a place "where we shall meet our customers and friends".
Unlike earlier banking rooms such as those in the
Williamsburgh Savings Bank Building and
National City Bank Building
55 Wall Street, formerly the National City Bank Building, is an eight-story building on Wall Street between William Street (Manhattan), William and Hanover streets in the Financial District, Manhattan, Financial District of Lower Manhattan in N ...
, the Red Room did not contain classical-style decorations.
The Red Room measures long from west to east and wide from north to south.
The ceiling is variously cited as measuring ,
,
or high.
The room is shaped like an oblong polygon, and there are few right angles within the space.
On the north wall is a bronze-clad entrance vestibule, while on the south wall are frosted double glass doors leading to the elevator foyer. There are arched windows on the eastern and western walls, as well as doors on the northern and southern walls. Each of the windows to the east and west has a deep sill, and there are also
lancet window
A lancet window is a tall, narrow window with a sharp pointed arch at its top. This arch may or may not be a steep lancet arch (in which the compass centres for drawing the arch fall outside the opening). It acquired the "lancet" name from its rese ...
s on either side of the entrance to the north. There are radiators with ornate bronze grilles beneath each window.
When Irving Trust occupied the building, the Red Room had some chairs and desks.
The brokers' loan officers had desks next to the eastern wall, while the officers of Irving Trust's city office sat at desks near the western wall.
Because the building was completed just after the
Wall Street Crash of 1929, the Red Room's design included ornate materials to attract customers.
The floor is made of red
terrazzo
Terrazzo is a composite material, poured in place or precast, which is used for floor and wall treatments. It consists of chips of marble, quartz, granite, glass, or other suitable material, poured with a cementitious binder (for chemical bind ...
tiles.
Walker and Smith personally supervised the creation of the floor tiles in Berlin.
The walls and ceilings are decorated with
or of mosaics,
which were designed by Meière and manufactured by the
Ravenna Mosaic Company in
Long Island City
Long Island City (LIC) is a neighborhood within the New York City borough of Queens. It is bordered by Astoria to the north; the East River to the west; Sunnyside to the east; and Newtown Creek, which separates Queens from Greenpoint, Brook ...
and Berlin.
The color scheme of the mosaic ranges from red-on-blue on the walls to gold-on-black on the ceiling.
The tiles gradually become lighter on the upper portions of the walls, drawing visitors' attention toward the ceiling.
The mosaic also contains abstract gold patterns.
The rest of the walls is made of Pyrenees black marble, and the columns are made of Verona red marble, similar to a design used in the
Stockholm City Hall
Stockholm City Hall (, ''Stadshuset'' locally) is the seat of Stockholm Municipality in Stockholm, Sweden. It stands on the eastern tip of Kungsholmen island, next to Riddarfjärden's northern shore and facing the islands of Riddarholmen and ...
.
The two columns are placed on an east-west axis and have bronze capitals.
At the northern and southern ends of the room, the ceiling slants slightly upward.
South of the entrance is a foyer that runs between Broadway and New Street, with two polygonal piers.
The foyer in turn connected directly to the building's elevators.
The Broadway and New Street lobby had walls made of Pyrenees black marble.
The ceiling also had an allegorical painting measuring , depicting the influence of wealth on the creation of beauty.
Meière and
Kimon Nicolaïdes designed the painting.
When the annex was built, the expanded lobby floor was clad in
travertine
Travertine ( ) is a form of terrestrial limestone deposited around mineral springs, especially hot springs. It often has a fibrous or concentric appearance and exists in white, tan, cream-colored, and rusty varieties. It is formed by a process ...
, and the original lobby's ceiling was covered with a
dropped ceiling
A dropped ceiling is a secondary ceiling, hung below the main (structural) ceiling. It may also be referred to as a drop ceiling, T-bar ceiling, false ceiling, suspended ceiling, grid ceiling, drop in ceiling, drop out ceiling, or ceiling tile ...
.
Upper floors
As with other early-20th-century skyscrapers in the Financial District, the lower stories had large floor areas for the building's primary tenant, Irving Trust, while the upper stories were smaller.
The lowest 21 floors each spanned about .
Irving Trust occupied the first ten stories,
using their large floor areas to house its clerical staff.
The second floor originally contained Irving Trust's Wall Street office, which served businesses in the Financial District.
The third floor was for the bank's corporate and personal trust divisions.
The fifth floor had the bank's executive offices, wainscoted with wood from around the world, while the sixth floor accommodated the out-of-town and foreign divisions and a telephone room for long-distance calls.
The 10th through 45th floors were rented to outside tenants.
Voorhees, Gmelin & Walker were not responsible for the layout of the offices, instead hiring specialists for that task.
Architectural firms also designed some of the offices; for example, the
Fiduciary Trust Company's 30th-story offices were designed by
Delano and Aldrich, while the offices on the 31st story were designed by
Cross & Cross.
Generally, law firms and financial firms leased entire stories for themselves. These included brokerage house
Bear Stearns
The Bear Stearns Companies, Inc. was an American investment bank, securities trading, and brokerage firm that failed in 2008 during the 2008 financial crisis and the Great Recession. After its closure it was subsequently sold to JPMorgan Chas ...
, which hired H. J. Horvath & Company and designer W. A. Zwicke to subdivide its 10th-floor space into various offices and other rooms.
Irving Trust's dining room was on the 46th floor. The directors' room, on the 47th floor, was decorated with wooden wainscoting, and there were directors' chairs arranged in a semicircle.
The stories above it had dining spaces and a three-story observation lounge; these spaces had Art Deco furnishings.
The executive lounge, at the 49th story, had a ceiling made of gold-leaf seashells,
as well as walls covered with multicolored patterned fabrics.
The executive lounge also had a triple-height ceiling, fluted walls, teak floors, and a fireplace, as well as four full-height windows that faced each of the cardinal directions.
The walls were also decorated with depictions of Native American war bonnets.
Following 1 Wall Street's 2020s residential conversion, there have been 566
condominium
A condominium (or condo for short) is an ownership regime in which a building (or group of buildings) is divided into multiple units that are either each separately owned, or owned in common with exclusive rights of occupation by individual own ...
apartments, of which 304 are
studios
A studio is a space set aside for creative work of any kind, including art, dance, music and theater.
The word ''studio'' is derived from the , from , from ''studere'', meaning to Wiktionary:study, study or zeal.
Types Art
The studio o ...
and one-bedroom units. Forty-seven of the condominiums have private decks.
The condominiums were designed by SLCE Architects.
The upper three floors were converted into a three-story
penthouse apartment
A penthouse is an apartment or unit traditionally on the highest floor of an apartment building, condominium, hotel, or tower. Penthouses are typically differentiated from other apartments by luxury features. The term 'penthouse' originally re ...
with , four bedrooms and four bathrooms, as well as a private library and chef's kitchen.
Several of the units are model apartments, which are shown to prospective buyers and were designed by FrenchCalifornia, Elizabeth Graziolo, and Cyril Vergniol.
The amenities include a indoor swimming pool, 39th-floor observation deck, library, golf simulator, dog spa, and playroom,
as well as a lounge and a private restaurant.
The restaurant includes a terrace facing
New York Harbor
New York Harbor is a bay that covers all of the Upper Bay. It is at the mouth of the Hudson River near the East River tidal estuary on the East Coast of the United States.
New York Harbor is generally synonymous with Upper New York Bay, ...
to the south. The building also contains communal spaces with kitchens, phone booths, AV equipment, and printers. These amenities are mostly clustered in the annex,
occupying the 38th and 39th floors.
Lifetime Fitness operates an athletic club within the building, and there is also a
coworking
Coworking is an arrangement in which workers for different companies share an office space. It allows cost savings and convenience through the use of common infrastructures, such as equipment, utilities and receptionist and custodial services, a ...
space known as One Works.
Vault
Irving Trust's
bank vault, weighing ,
was located below ground level. At the time of the building's 1931 completion, the vault was the second-largest in the city and third-largest in the world, behind those of the
Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building
The Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building, also known as 33 Liberty Street, is a building in the Financial District, Manhattan, Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City, which serves as the headquarters of the Federal Reserve ...
and the
Bank of England
The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694 to act as the Kingdom of England, English Government's banker and debt manager, and still one ...
.
The vault was encased on three sides by a wall composed of iron, steel, and concrete;
the fourth side was composed of of concrete and a thick layer of metal.
The vault had three stories, of which the top level was used by safe-deposit customers, and the lower floors stored Irving Trust's own fortunes.
Each story had of space.
There were six vault doors,
each measuring thick;
the doors were laced with chemicals that reportedly emitted "paralyzing fumes" if a robber tried to open the door using a blowtorch.
The two main doors on the upper level, and one door on each of the other levels, weighed each.
A tank of water, as well as chemical, electrical, and mechanical systems, were used to deter break-ins.
History
Previous structures
Northern portion

Since the settlement of
New Amsterdam
New Amsterdam (, ) was a 17th-century Dutch Empire, Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan Island that served as the seat of the colonial government in New Netherland. The initial trading ''Factory (trading post), fac ...
in the 17th century, only three buildings on the northern portion of the current skyscraper's site had carried the address 1 Wall Street. The first was a 17th-century stone house, and the second was built in the 19th century. The third such structure was an 18-story office building built in 1907 and designed by
St. Louis
St. Louis ( , sometimes referred to as St. Louis City, Saint Louis or STL) is an independent city in the U.S. state of Missouri. It lies near the confluence of the Mississippi and the Missouri rivers. In 2020, the city proper had a populatio ...
-based firm
Barnett, Haynes & Barnett. The structure was known as the "Chimney Building"
or the chimney corner' building",
and its footprint measured only .
The Chimney Building was developed by a syndicate from St. Louis, headed by Festus Wade of the St. Louis Mercantile Trust Company.
In mid-1905, the company paid $700,000 for the plot, or an average of . The next year, the syndicate announced that it would start erecting an 18-story structure at 1 Wall Street. The Chimney Building was completed in 1907,
and for years afterward, its site was the world's most valuable.
Adjoining the Chimney Building were between three and five other structures, ranging from approximately 10 to 20 stories high.
The oldest of these was the Union Trust Building, which was erected in 1889 and had masonry walls because engineers of the time did not know how much steel the building required.
One of the twelve-story structures surrounded the Chimney Building, and in 1926, this structure and the Chimney Building were sold to a syndicate of bankers.
The writer
Washington Irving
Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American short-story writer, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century. He wrote the short stories "Rip Van Winkle" (1819) and "The Legend of Sleepy ...
, the namesake of the Irving Trust Company, had occupied a house at 3 Wall Street several years before the building's development.
Southern portion
The southern half of the block had two structures: the
Manhattan Life Insurance Building on the north and the Knickerbocker Trust Company Building to the south. The 18-story Manhattan Life Building, completed in 1894, was in the middle of the block, at 64 Broadway. That structure was slightly extended north in 1904 to encompass all lots between 64 and 70 Broadway.
The
Knickerbocker Trust Company bought the land immediately south of the Manhattan Life Building in early 1906,
and finalized building plans the next year. The 22-story Knickerbocker Trust building at 60 Broadway was completed in 1909 and contained a ground-floor banking room, a private penthouse restaurant, and eight elevators.
There was a space between the Manhattan Life and Knickerbocker Trust buildings.
A strip of land on the northern side of the gap was sold to John E. Schermerhorn in 1912. The Schermerhorn family subsequently built an eight-story
taxpayer building at 62 Broadway, within the gap.
Development

The idea for the current skyscraper was attributed to Irving Trust president Harry Ward. Since its founding in 1851, Irving Trust had merged with numerous other banks in preceding years,
and the firm had outgrown its offices, which were split between 60 Broadway, the
Equitable Building, and the
Woolworth Building
The Woolworth Building is a residential building and early skyscraper at 233 Broadway (Manhattan), Broadway in the Tribeca neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Designed by Cass Gilbert, it was the tallest building in the world f ...
.
When the building was proposed, the bank was known as American Exchange Irving Trust, having merged in 1926 with the American Exchange-Pacific National Bank.
During the mid- and late-1920s, many Art Deco office buildings were constructed in New York City, peaking around 1929 and 1930.
Additionally, banks in Manhattan were clustering around Wall Street, and the corner of Broadway and Wall Street was seen as a valuable location.
Planning
By April 1928, the Central Union Trust Company controlled the buildings from 64 to 80 Broadway, and reportedly planned to build a 36-story structure at the site of the Chimney Building. The following month, American Exchange Irving Trust bought the Chimney Building along with three adjacent structures at 7 Wall Street, and 74 and 80 Broadway, in exchange for $5.5 million in cash and a $9 million
mortgage
A mortgage loan or simply mortgage (), in civil law (legal system), civil law jurisdictions known also as a hypothec loan, is a loan used either by purchasers of real property to raise funds to buy real estate, or by existing property owners t ...
.
The transaction cost approximately .
Following the sale, the Central Union Trust Company moved to the Manhattan Life Building
and modified the structures at 60, 62, and 70 Broadway.
Immediately after the purchase, Irving Trust announced it would erect an office building on the site.
This announcement occurred amid an increase in the number of large banks in New York City.
The company's board of directors founded a sub-committee for construction oversight, and several Irving Trust employees formed the One Wall Street Unit to coordinate logistical planning for the new skyscraper. Thirty-five potential architects were identified and interviewed extensively.
Ultimately, in June 1928, Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker were hired to design the structure, and
Marc Eidlitz was hired as builder.
Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker filed plans with the Manhattan Bureau of Buildings the next month.
The initial plans, known as Scheme B1,
called for a 46- or 52-story building
on a plot of ;
they called for two banking rooms at ground level.
Walker and his associate Perry Coke Smith designed a large banking room called the Red Room for the lower stories, and Walker hired Hildreth Meière to design the mosaics for the Red Room.
Smith and Meière collaborated on the Red Room's color scheme, while Lynn Fausett helped draw out the designs for the room.
An August 1928 memorandum between the architects and Irving Trust prompted several changes to the plans. Among those were separate elevators for bank employees and rental tenants; the removal of retail spaces and luncheon clubs; and the addition of a common reception lobby. In October 1928, local newspapers reported that Irving Trust had accepted "final plans" for a 44-story building rising .
This design resembled the current structure, with setbacks and a curving facade. The actual final plans, filed in June 1929, provided for a 50-story structure.
The 1929 plans were released after Irving Trust applied for, and received, a zoning variance that allowed the base's first setback to be higher than would normally be allowed. The variance also allowed for a shallower setback, and the tower was allowed to cover more than 25 percent of the lot, the maximum lot coverage ratio typically allowed under the 1916 Zoning Resolution.
Construction
Construction on the site of 1 Wall Street began in May 1929, with the demolition of the four buildings on the northern portion of the site.
Several engineering professors from
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Churc ...
were hired as consultants for the demolition process. Work was complicated by the fact that one of the previous buildings on the site had extremely sturdy walls ranging from thick. The Indiana Limestone Company was hired to supply the building's
Indiana limestone.
During December 1929, Ward sent engraved letters to 500 nearby property owners, apologizing for the noise created during the riveting process; this generated positive publicity for the building in both the local and national press.
The ceremonial cornerstone was laid on January 15, 1930.
During the construction process, nearby structures such as Trinity Church were shored up.
That March, Irving Trust signed an agreement with the
Interborough Rapid Transit Company
The Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) was the private operator of New York City's original underground subway line that opened in 1904, as well as earlier elevated railways and additional rapid transit lines in New York City. The IRT ...
—at the time, one of the operators of the city's subway system—to build three new entrances to the Wall Street station on Broadway and another entrance in 1 Wall Street's basement. Excavations began in July 1930,
and work on the building itself began that August.
The frame involved the installation of 250,000 rivets and was completed within five months of the
groundbreaking
Groundbreaking, also known as cutting, sod-cutting, turning the first sod, turf-cutting, or a sod-turning ceremony, is a traditional ceremony in many cultures that celebrates the first day of construction for a building or other project. Such cer ...
without any serious incidents.
The Ravenna Mosaic Company was hired to manufacture mosaics for the Red Room,
and six workers from a mosaic-tile
labor union
A trade union (British English) or labor union (American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their employment, such as attaining better wages ...
helped Ravenna's workers install the mosaics.
When the steel frame
topped out
In building construction, topping out (sometimes referred to as topping off) is a builders' rite traditionally held when the last beam (or its equivalent) is placed at the top of a structure during its construction. Nowadays, the ceremony is ofte ...
on May 12, 1930, workers hoisted an evergreen tree to the top of the frame. While the workers were securing the final rivets, a hot steel rivet fell from the building's top and hit a truck below, narrowly missing the truck driver's head and causing a small fire on the street.
The exterior was completed by August 1930.
Several hundred boxcars were used to transport the building's Indiana limestone to New York City; according to railroad workers, it was the largest-ever such order.
Before being used in the building, the limestone blocks went to a workshop in Long Island City, where they were carved to meet the building's specifications.
Irving Trust use
By December 1930, Irving Trust announced that 80 percent of the space had been leased in the nearly-completed building.
Tenants started moving into 1 Wall Street by mid-March 1931, before its formal opening,
at which point it was 85 percent occupied.
Among the tenants were several members of the
New York Stock Exchange
The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE, nicknamed "The Big Board") is an American stock exchange in the Financial District, Manhattan, Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is the List of stock exchanges, largest stock excha ...
and
Curb Exchange.
The Irving Trust Company moved into the building on March 23, 1931. Two hundred guards armed with machine guns moved the bank's $8 billion holdings from its former location at the Woolworth Building.
The same day, 1 Wall Street opened to public use, with thousands of visitors. By that time, the building was 90 percent occupied.
Shortly afterward, the Fiduciary Trust Company of New York moved its banking quarters to the 30th floor, making that space the highest banking quarters in New York City. In a 1938 incident, an electrical transformer on the 21st-story setback blew up; though the windows shook, nobody was injured. An air-conditioning system was installed at 1 Wall Street in 1953, which was one of the largest air-conditioning retrofits ever undertaken in the New York City area at the time.
The original building soon became too small to accommodate the operations of Irving Trust and its tenants. Accordingly, in 1961, Irving Trust purchased the three buildings at 60, 62, and 70 Broadway from
Hanover Bank, thereby giving Irving Trust control of the entire block between Broadway, Wall Street, New Street, and Exchange Place. The company initially anticipated that the annex would cost $25 million. Voorhees, Walker, Smith, Smith & Haines were hired to design the annex,
while
Turner Construction
The Turner Construction Company is an American construction company with presence in 20 countries. It is a subsidiary of the German company Hochtief. It is the largest domestic contractor in the United States as of 2020, with a revenue of $14.4 ...
was hired as the main contractor. By mid-1963, the site had been cleared.
In advance of the upcoming renovation, Irving Trust
subleased space at
2 Broadway. To finance construction, Irving Trust sold the building to a subsidiary, which then sold $30 million of
secured notes to investors. Renovations also took place in the original building; tenants continued to use 1 Wall Street during construction, but the vault in the basement was emptied. A refrigeration plant was installed on the annex's roof to provide air-conditioning to both parts of the building, and cooling machinery was also installed in the basement. The project was finished by late 1965.
By 1980, Irving Trust had decided to relocate its operations center to another building near the
World Trade Center.
Between 1987 and 1988, Irving Trust was negotiating to merge with the
Bank of New York (BNY), which at the time was headquartered nearby at
48 Wall Street.
Irving Trust initially rejected buy-out offers from BNY because the latter had "undervalued" Irving Trust's assets such as 1 Wall Street. By October 1988, with a merger imminent, Irving Trust placed 1 Wall Street for auction; at the time, the building was valued at $250 million. BNY acquired Irving Trust in December 1988.
BNY decided to sell its old headquarters at 48 Wall Street
and relocate its headquarters to 1 Wall Street.
BNY (renamed BNY Mellon in 2007) opened a museum on the 10th floor in 1998, which was dedicated to the history of both banks. During the same time, BNY hired
Hoffmann Architects to conduct mortar repair and window replacements.
While 1 Wall Street was not damaged following the
September 11 attacks
The September 11 attacks, also known as 9/11, were four coordinated Islamist terrorist suicide attacks by al-Qaeda against the United States in 2001. Nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners, crashing the first two into ...
at the nearby World Trade Center in 2001, BNY's operations were disrupted, and 1 Wall Street had to be cleaned up.
Sale and conversion
By January 2014, BNY Mellon was looking to sell its headquarters, as it was moving to a location with less space. In May 2014, BNY Mellon sold the building to a joint venture led by
Harry B. Macklowe's Macklowe Properties for $585 million, though BNY Mellon continued to occupy the building until September 2015.
Macklowe wanted to add up to of retail space at the base.
Renovation

Macklowe initially planned to make 1 Wall Street a mixed-use residential and office building,
and he wanted to rent out 65 percent of the residences.
In early 2017, Macklowe announced that the building would be almost entirely residential
condominium
A condominium (or condo for short) is an ownership regime in which a building (or group of buildings) is divided into multiple units that are either each separately owned, or owned in common with exclusive rights of occupation by individual own ...
s, since an all-residential building, owned by its tenants, would require less
debt
Debt is an obligation that requires one party, the debtor, to pay money Loan, borrowed or otherwise withheld from another party, the creditor. Debt may be owed by a sovereign state or country, local government, company, or an individual. Co ...
.
Macklowe Properties partnered with former Prime Minister of Qatar
Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani
Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber bin Mohammed bin Thani Al Thani (Arabic: ; born 1959), also known informally by his initials HBJ, is a Qatari politician. He was the Prime Minister of Qatar from 3 April 2007 to 26 June 2013, and foreign minister from ...
in a bid to convert the office property into 566 condos with retail at the base.
The renovation was originally supposed to be designed by
Robert A.M. Stern Architects, who were replaced by
SLCE Architects.
Ashe Leandro,
Deborah Berke Partners, and
Moed de Armas and Shannon also redesigned parts of the building,
and
Deutsche Bank
Deutsche Bank AG (, ) is a Germany, German multinational Investment banking, investment bank and financial services company headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany, and dual-listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange.
...
provided a $750 million mortgage loan for the conversion.
At the time, the project was the largest conversion of office space to residential space in New York City, covering nearly .
As part of the renovation, 34 elevators and 16 escalators were removed. The original layout of the building included elevators near the perimeter wall, but this took up usable space near windows. As such, Macklowe removed 20 of the elevators that served upper floors and added 10 new elevators in the building core; new stairs were also constructed to replace the existing stairs.
The demolition of the interior was completed in November 2018. The Red Room was restored between 2016 and 2018, in advance of its conversion into a retail space.
The Red Room's restoration used tiles that had been placed in storage and unused when the building was originally erected.
The facade was restored using stone from the quarry that had supplied the material for Walker's original building.
Eight stories were added to the southern annex, and the third floor was demolished to make a higher ceiling for the retail space.
A new entrance was also constructed on Broadway, with a design based on one of Walker's unrealized plans for the building.
Whole Foods Market
Whole Foods Market, Inc. (colloquially referred to as simply Whole Foods) is an American multinational supermarket chain store, chain headquartered in Austin, Texas, which sells products free from Hydrogenated fat, hydrogenated fats and artificia ...
leased a storefront in 2016, and
Life Time Fitness signed a lease for a gym on the lowest four floors in 2019. Macklowe originally hired
Core Real Estate to market the apartments. However, he replaced Core with
Compass, Inc., in December 2020, prompting Core to sue Macklowe for unpaid brokerage fees. Sales of residential units were launched in September 2021. By March 2022, Macklowe and Al Thani planned to refinance 1 Wall Street for $1.1 billion, using the proceeds to pay off construction costs and outstanding debt.
At that point, the renovation was projected to be completed by the end of 2022.
Post-renovation and sales struggles

French department store
Printemps announced in September 2022 that it would open a store at 1 Wall Street, citing the presence of several cultural centers in the Financial District.
The store was to cover on two floors,
including a shoe salon in the Red Room, as well as a bar and a restaurant.
The architect Laura Gonzalez redesigned some of the ground-floor spaces for Printemps.
The Whole Foods store at the building's base opened in January 2023. The first residents were scheduled to move into the building that March, and construction was officially completed that month.
When the renovation was completed, 1 Wall Street's owners wanted to operate a bar there, but the building was across the street from Trinity Church, and state law prevented bars from operating within of a house of worship. As a result, the
New York State Legislature
The New York State Legislature consists of the Bicameralism, two houses that act as the State legislature (United States), state legislature of the U.S. state of New York (state), New York: the New York State Senate and the New York State Assem ...
granted a waiver to allow the bar to open. The Printemps store ultimately opened in March 2025.
Meanwhile, Macklowe received a $300 million inventory loan for the building in October 2023 after sales underperformed expectations.
At the time, there were 479 unsold units out of 566 total apartments, and the project had cost $2.9 billion to date.
Sales remained lower than expected; by February 2024, only about 100 apartments had been sold.
Asian investors comprised about half of the condominium owners by that year, but such sales were slowing down due to new
export control
Export control is legislation that regulates the export of goods, software and technology. Some items could potentially be useful for purposes that are contrary to the interest of the exporting country. These items are considered to be ''controlled ...
s in China.
Industry experts consulted by ''
The Real Deal'' cited two other reasons for the lagging sales: the condos were overpriced compared to similar units nearby, and there was a general oversupply of vacant residential units in the Financial District.
Macklowe replaced the sales agents from Compass, Inc., in May 2024 with two brokers from Macklowe Properties.
By November 2024, the ''
New York Post
The ''New York Post'' (''NY Post'') is an American Conservatism in the United States, conservative
daily Tabloid (newspaper format), tabloid newspaper published in New York City. The ''Post'' also operates three online sites: NYPost. ...
'' said sales of 1 Wall Street condominiums had been "a bust", noting Macklowe had closed on only 112 of the 566 units after four years of sales.
The total sales amount of $230 million represented just 14% of Macklowe's projected $1.7 billion sellout not including a triplex penthouse which had not yet been marketed.
A majority of the sales were identified through official Automated City Register Information System records to have been bought by Asian and Russian buyers, primarily as investment properties with many of the sold units back on the market for rent.
Impact
Critical reception
1 Wall Street received an accolade from the Broadway Association in 1931; the association designated the building as the "most worthy of civic endorsement" out of all structures erected around Broadway in 1930. A writer for the ''
New York Evening Post
The ''New York Post'' (''NY Post'') is an American conservative
daily tabloid newspaper published in New York City. The ''Post'' also operates three online sites: NYPost.com; PageSix.com, a gossip site; and Decider.com, an entertainm ...
'' called Meière's lobby mural "one of the most costly and beautiful pieces of mural decoration ever attempted in the United States".
Eugene Clute of ''Metal Arts'' magazine described the walls as "a rich, free-hanging fabric" and "a cage set within the frame of the building and finished with a lining that has no more structural significance than the lining of my lady's work basket".
Architectural critics of the mid-20th century generally ignored the building in favor of more widely renowned structures, such as the
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building is a 102-story, Art Deco-style supertall skyscraper in the Midtown South neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, United States. The building was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and built from 1930 to 1931. Its n ...
, the
Chrysler Building
The Chrysler Building is a , Art Deco skyscraper in the East Midtown neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, United States. Located at the intersection of 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue, it is the tallest brick building in the world wit ...
, and
40 Wall Street
40 Wall Street (also the Trump Building; formerly the Bank of Manhattan Trust Building and Manhattan Company Building) is a neo-Gothic skyscraper on Wall Street between Nassau and William streets in the Financial District of Manhattan in Ne ...
.
Lewis Mumford
Lewis Mumford (October 19, 1895 – January 26, 1990) was an American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology, and literary critic. Particularly noted for his study of cities and urban architecture, he had a broad career as a ...
criticized 1 Wall Street's facade for not accurately representing its internal design, saying: "Chaste though that exterior is, it is mere swank, and unconvincing swank at that". Because of Irving Trust's role as a
receiver for bankrupt companies, 1 Wall Street was called the "Central Repair Shop for Broken Businesses".
Architectural historian
Robert A. M. Stern wrote in his 1987 book ''New York 1930'' that 1 Wall Street's proximity to other skyscrapers including
70 Pine Street,
20 Exchange Place,
40 Wall Street
40 Wall Street (also the Trump Building; formerly the Bank of Manhattan Trust Building and Manhattan Company Building) is a neo-Gothic skyscraper on Wall Street between Nassau and William streets in the Financial District of Manhattan in Ne ...
, and the
Downtown Athletic Club had reduced older skyscrapers "to the status of foothills in a new mountain range". Daniel Abramson wrote in 2001 that the "corner and tower treatments appear blocky and conventional" compared to 70 Pine Street, though 1 Wall Street was still distinguished in its massing and the curves in its facade.
Later architectural critics also praised the structure.
Ada Louise Huxtable of ''
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
'' wrote in 1975 that 1 Wall Street was an "Art Deco masterpiece". In a 2001 analysis, the ''Times'' characterized the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and 1 Wall Street as three great Art Deco buildings in New York City.
Stern stated that in 1 Wall Street's design, "structure became an unseen prop for poetry"; he further called the building's form "a natural precipice of stone shaped by erosion".
Architectural writer Eric P. Nash called 1 Wall Street "one of the most delicate, even feminine, skyscrapers ever built".
After the building's residential conversion was completed in 2023, a ''Daily Beast'' reporter wrote that the structure's conversion could be a model for other office-to-residence conversions.
Adriane Quinlan of ''
Curbed
Curbed is an American real estate and urban design website published by ''New York'' magazine. Founded as a blog by Lockhart Steele in 2006 to cover New York City real estate, it grew by 2010 to feature sub-pages dedicated to specific real ...
'' contrasted the building with Macklowe's ultra-luxury tower at
432 Park Avenue, calling 1 Wall Street "Macklowe's tower for the working, rather than the obscenely, rich".
Ian Volner, writing for ''Curbed'' in 2024, described the Red Room as "an over-the-top dream of period pizzazz that makes
Baz Luhrmann
Mark Anthony "Baz" Luhrmann (born 17 September 1962) is an Australian film director, producer, writer, and actor whose various projects extend from film and television into opera, theatre, music, and the recording industries. He is regarded by ...
's ''Gatsby'' look like a work of sober realism".
Landmark designations
In 2001, the
New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) is the Government of New York City, New York City agency charged with administering the city's Historic preservation, Landmarks Preservation Law. The LPC is responsible for protecting Ne ...
(LPC) designated the original portion of 1 Wall Street as an official city landmark. The designation only included the exterior of the original building and did not extend to the southern annex.
The Red Room's interior was not given a separate interior-landmark designation because such designations at the time were reserved for publicly accessible spaces. Since the Red Room could only be used by BNY Mellon workers at the time of the exterior designation, the LPC considered it to be closed to the public.
The LPC agreed in December 2023 to hold hearings on whether to designate the Red Room's interior as a landmark, and the Red Room was designated as an interior landmark on June 25, 2024.
As a result of the exterior landmark designation's limited scope, most of the modifications made during the 2010s condominium conversion, such as the glass retail addition, were made to the annex. Changes to designated landmarks required the commission's approval, but the annex was out of the commission's scope.
In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the
Wall Street Historic District,
a
National Register of Historic Places
The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government's official United States National Register of Historic Places listings, list of sites, buildings, structures, Hist ...
district.
See also
*
Art Deco architecture of New York City
*
List of buildings and structures on Broadway in Manhattan
*
List of tallest buildings in New York City
{{Location map+
, Manhattan#New York City
, float= center
, width= 280
, caption = Location of all skyscrapers in New York City taller than {{convert, 650, ft, m, 0
, alt=
, places =
{ ...
*
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th Street
References
Notes
Explanatory notes
Inflation figures
Citations
Sources
*
*
*
*
* (Also available a
Google Books)
*
*
External links
*
{{Authority control
1930s architecture in the United States
1931 establishments in New York City
Art Deco architecture in Manhattan
Art Deco skyscrapers
Bank buildings in Manhattan
Building
A building or edifice is an enclosed Structure#Load-bearing, structure with a roof, walls and window, windows, usually standing permanently in one place, such as a house or factory. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and functions, a ...
Broadway (Manhattan)
Financial District, Manhattan
Historic district contributing properties in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
New York City interior landmarks
Office buildings completed in 1931
Ralph Thomas Walker buildings
Residential buildings completed in 1931
Residential skyscrapers in Manhattan
Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan
Wall Street